Abstract task-based instruction has gained significant attention in second language research, particularly in how task conditions impact learner performance. This study examined the differential effects of repetition and rehearsal, two distinct task-readiness conditions, on the immediate and delayed L2 performance of EFL learners with low Working Memory Capacity (WMC). A quasi-experimental design was employed to address the research questions. Four instruments were utilized: the Oxford Placement Test (OPT), a WMC test, a practice task, and a main task. Thirty-eight EFL learners were randomly allocated to two groups, each exposed to a distinct readiness condition—rehearsal or repetition. Participants were selected from an intermediate-level English course at a private language institute using convenience sampling and then randomly assigned to the two conditions. Both groups accomplished an oral task twice, with the rehearsal group being aware of the second performance in advance, while the repetition group had no such awareness. task performances were evaluated based on Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency (CAF). The results indicated that although both conditions positively influenced task outcomes, only the rehearsal group showed statistically significant improvements across all CAF dimensions in both immediate and delayed performances. These results contribute to the growing body of research on individual differences in task-based learning by demonstrating that rehearsal is a more effective readiness strategy than repetition for EFL learners with low WMC. This finding can inform instructional design and classroom practice in contexts where cognitive load is a concern.

Efficient distribution of service requests between fog and cloud nodes considering user mobility and fog nodes’ overload is an important issue of fog computing. This paper proposes a heuristic method for task placement considering the mobility of users, aiming to serve a higher number of requested services and minimize their response time. This method introduces a formula to overload prediction based on the entry-exit ratio of users and the estimated time required to perform current requests that are waiting in the queue of a fog node. Then, it provides a solution to avoid the predicted overloading of fog nodes by sending all delay-tolerant requests in the overloaded fog node’s queue to the cloud to reduce the time required for servicing delay-sensitive requests and to increase their acceptance rate. In addition, to prevent requests from being rejected when the mobile user leaves the coverage area of the current fog node, the requests in the current fog node’s queue will be transferred to the destination fog node. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective in avoiding the overloading of the fog nodes and outperforms the existing methods in terms of response time and acceptance rate.

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to compare the working memory performance in dyslexic and non-dyslexic students and investigate the effect of rehearsal on working memory performance in dyslexic children. Method: This is a quasi-experimental study. Statistical sample of research consisted of 15 dyslexic students who were selected by achievable method as test group and 15 normal students who were selected randomly as control group. Data was collected by working memory test battery for children (WMTB-C) designed by Pickering & Gathercole. rehearsal performed on dyslexic group. Results: Performance of working memory in dyslexic students was weaker than normal students. Conclusion: rehearsal does not have a significant effect on working memory performance of dyslexics.

The main purpose of this semi-experimental study was to examine the effects of rehearsal strategies training on second language vocabulary learning. In particular, four training methods were examined: (a) vocal rehearsal, (b) subvocal rehearsal, (c) vocal and subvocal rehearsal, and (d) no rehearsal. One hundred and sixty-two undergraduate freshmen (four intact classes from four fields of study) at Hormozgan University participated in this study. Pretest and post-test vocabulary checklists were administered and the ANOVA analysis was conducted to identify any significant difference among the four groups. The results indicate that all three methods resulted in significant vocabulary gains. Furthermore, the difference between vocal rehearsal and subvocal rehearsal was not significant; the participants in the third method did significantly better than the others.

Introduction: The process of recalling not only receives influence from the memory strength and learning, but also affected by the study and testing circumstances and the interaction of both. This research investigated the effects of time pressure and changes in tasks' sequence on free recall.Methods: 166 students were randomly selected using the multiple-stage sampling and were enrolled in our experiments. Four designed experiments were carried out to assess the effects of time pressure to rehears the words on recall. Likewise, to examine the effects of test priority, first group learned each word via the elaborative rehearsal method, and the maintenance rehearsal in the future task. The other group accomplished the same tasks following a change in tasks’ sequence. Other experiments were implemented using the same method for the verbal and action memory tasks.Results: Our results showed that access to the products of elaborative rehearsal is more compromised by time pressure than the maintenance rehearsal. Recalled words rehearsed via maintenance were significantly more in number when implemented as first task. Meanwhile, the superiority of action memory over verbal memory in all experiments was noted.Conclusions: Despite the fact that elaborative rehearsal is known to be a more efficacious learning strategy, since this method needs higher levels of mental and time resources, its efficacy is much decreased under time pressure. Novelty factor affects the maintenance rehearsal more than other methods as this strategy needs less data processing. Finally, the rich encoding in action memory which is resulted from a higher physical and sensory experience appears to improve the free recall.

It is a widespread belief among Muslims that God has got a name which is unknown to almost everybody, hence only a very few and limited number of people might be aware of it. It is such that one who remembers God or calls on him through pronouncing His rarely known but miraculous name will soon find his desire fulfilled, hence miraculous jobs may be accomplished in the world of creation only through pronouncing it. Muslims have since called it the Greatest Divine Name (ism-e A`zam) and have written a lot on how to obtain it, and its various functions, coupled with many related anecdotes. The present work surveys an overview and presents a classification of such conjectures, with an outlook unto its nature, hence an attempt to take an initial step to formulate a conception of the Greatest Divine Name in Islamic culture and teachings. Without overlooking its nature or historical process of identification, the present work attempts to piece together Muslims' attention to it, all drawing upon reliable anecdotes, exegetical comments, moral hints, and theological and philosophical views as scattered here and there in various works. It will then make a ground for reviewing various views of the phenomenon of the Greatest Divine Name, with the historical trends that fostered ahead any of them, together with their socio-cutural background.

Background and Aim: During last decades one of the hazardous agents on workers’ health has been workplaces noise. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of noise exposure in different jobs and noise induced permanent threshold shift in relation to noise level and work experience.Method: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that performed among total workers.Dosimeters were done for determination of accurate noise exposure level during an eight-hour s shift for each job group. Audiometry was performed in a standard acoustic room by the audiologist. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software.Results: Mean of age was 36.58±6.76 (19-52 years) and minimum, maximum and mean of work experience were 1, 18, 11.08±5.47 respectively. Mean of hearing loss was 15.38±8.63 in right ear and 16.31±9.51 in left ear and total hearing loss was 14.72±8.33. A significant relationship was also identified between noise intensity and work experience with hearing loss.Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that there is a high prevalence of noise pollution in different parts of workplace. Considering the obtained results, that shows positive effect of noise and work experience on hearing loss, the necessity of improvement of control and protection measures is of prime importance.

Igor Stravinsky, one of the most influential Russian composer of 20th century, is known for his revolutionary pieces that influenced the music of his time thereafter. His vast compositions from pieces for small ensemble to Opera and Ballets for large orchestras have opened new dimensions in orchestral music and introduced a new era of musical sounds to the world of music. His three Ballets including “ Petrushka” , “ Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring)” and “ Firebird” form an important part of repertoire of today’ s professional Orchestras; these ageless ballets have been gaining increasing attention since their birth. Sacre du printemps is a masterpiece known for its complex nature that offers challenges to musicians. The sophisticated graphic of this ballet is perceived to be a challenge to understand immediately upon studying the score. In contrast to the complex nature, The Rite of Spring is structured based on a strong logic that if understood, will mitigate the challenge of understanding the music. The logical Rhythmic structure of The Rite of Spring in relation to its complexity is the authors’ motivation for dedicating the rest of this article to a brief analysis of The rhythm in the Rite of Spring ballet. Complex polyrhythms and difficult rhythmic figures used in this ballet make us ask “ Why did Stravinsky choose such difficult rhythmic patterns and polyrhythms to compose this work? ” , “ What did he want to express during this rhythmic patterns? ” , “ As performers, how can we understand his music and achieve his intended sound through the written notes? ” , “ What is the relationship between his personality and his way of combining Rhythmic patterns in such an orderly form? ” . In order to find answers to these questions, some dimensions of Stravinsky`s life and character will be mentioned followed by an rhythmic analysis of rehearsal numbers 1 to 55. We will then be able to find the connection between the complex nature and logical rhythmic structure of this ballet. A comparative review of the classic treatises, a thorough survey of the writings of contemporary authors on music, the life of Igor Stravinsky, and a special focus on the full score of The Rite of Spring, as well as personal experiences as a conductor; has guided the author to introduce a simplified method for understanding background of Stravinsky’ s work and the complex Rhythm of Sacre du printemps to get a deeper interpretation of the Stravinsky’ s music. The author strongly believes that studying the score and learning the written notes are not enough to perform The Rite of Spring in the way intended by Stravinsky. Discovering and understanding Stravinsky’ s thought that motivated him to compose such a revolutionary piece is a crucial factor that leads to a successful performance. Unfolding this unwritten part of the music is the most adventurous part of the journey that musicians go through to perform The Rite of Spring. Learning about the life and personality of the composer is an important part of studying the score which leads us to a more accurate interpretation of Stravinsky’ s music.